مُبلّغو الفساد: مكافأة بنسبة 10% لكسر جدار الصمت
لم تعد محاربة الفساد تقتصر على سن المبادئ والشعارات. فالمعركة تتطلب أدوات عملية. وفي أغسطس 2025، تبنّى السنغال قانونًا جديدًا يمنح المُبلّغين عن الفساد مكافأة مالية تعادل 10% من الأموال المسترجعة، في محاولة لتحويل فعل محفوف بالمخاطر الفردية إلى مبادرة مدنية مشجَّعة.
وينص هذا القانون غير المسبوق في المنطقة على جملة من الضمانات تشمل حماية قانونية شاملة، والحفاظ على سرية هوية المُبلّغ، ومنحه حصانة جنائية، مع تجريم أي أعمال انتقامية ضده. ويأتي هذا التحول التشريعي ليواجه واقعًا ظل مسكوتًا عنه طويلًا: فالخوف، وليس الجهل، هو ما يمنع الكثير من المواطنين من الإبلاغ عن التجاوزات التي يشهدونها.
لكن القانون لا يكتفي بالحماية؛ بل يذهب أبعد من ذلك عبر الحافز المادي. فالمكافأة المالية المقترحة تُمثّل اعترافًا علنيًا بقيمة هذا الفعل، رغم ما قد تثيره من جدل في بلد تعلو فيه الخطابات الأخلاقية على المصالح الشخصية. ومع ذلك، فإنّ ما يمنح هذا الإجراء طابعًا مبتكرًا هو هذا التوازن بين الأخلاق والبراغماتية. إذ يسعى السنغال من خلاله إلى تحويل محور مكافحة الفساد من النخب العليا إلى القاعدة الشعبية.
في جوهرها، لا تمثل هذه الخطوة قطيعة بقدر ما تُجسّد رهانًا على يقظة المواطنين. فكل موظف، وكل عامل في القطاع العام، بل وكل مستخدم بسيط للخدمات العمومية، يمكن أن يتحول إلى حلقة فاعلة في منظومة النزاهة الجماعية. غير أنّ نجاح هذا القانون يظل رهينًا بردّ فعل المؤسسات المعنية، إذ سيكون التعامل السريع والعادل والشفاف مع البلاغات عاملًا حاسمًا في تجنّب تحوّل هذه المبادرة إلى وعود فارغة أو أداة انتقامية خطيرة.
فالخطر قائم. إذ من المحتمل أن نشهد على مبالغات قضائية، أو بلاغات كاذبة مدفوعة بجشع المكافأة، أو حتى بطء إداري قد يُحبط نوايا المبلّغين الصادقين. ومع ذلك، اختار السنغال ألا ينتظر كمال المؤسسات، بل أن يضع إطارًا قانونيًا ويبني على التحوّل الثقافي.
من خلال مكافأة فعل قول الحقيقة—even ولو كان بدافع المنفعة—يُعلن هذا القانون أنّ مكافحة الفساد لم تعد حكرًا على وكلاء النيابة أو مفتشي الحسابات، بل أصبحت مهمة جماعية. وهي معادلة دقيقة بين الثقة والرقابة، تفتح صفحة جديدة في سجل الحوكمة السنغالية، صفحة ينبغي كتابتها بكثير من الحذر… ولكن أيضًا بكثير من الشجاعة
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