الصكوك وتمويل البنية التحتية..
بقلم د . عبد الكريم جاو
بعد إعلان رئيس الوزراء عثمان سونكو أن الحكومة تعتزم إصدار صكوك، وإشارة تقرير ديوان المحاسبة الصادر في فبراير 2025 إلى” رصيد قدره 114.4 مليار فرنك أفريقي من إصدار سندات 2022 (صكوك SOGEPA) لم يتم دفعه في الخزانة“، أثارت الصكوك اهتمام العديد من السنغاليين.
ما هي الصكوك؟
وفقًا للائحة رقم 10 /2022/CM/UEMOA المتعلقة بالأوراق المالية الإسلامية وشركات إصدار الصكوك المدارة ذاتيًا وصناديق إصدار الصكوك في الاتحاد الاقتصادي والنقدي لغرب أفريقيا، فإن الصكوك هي أوراق مالية تتوافق مع قواعد التمويل الإسلامي وقد تأخذ شكل شهادات ملكية مشتركة أو شهادات استثمار. تمنح هذه الشهادات المستثمرين حق الملكية المشتركة على الأصول المتوافقة مع أحكام الشريعة الإسلامية أو الحق في الدخل من الأنشطة المتوافقة مع أحكام الشريعة الإسلامية.
من وجهة نظر المستثمر، تعتبر الصكوك أداة استثمارية توفر عائداً حلالاً على الاستثمار. أما من وجهة نظر المنشئ (الدولة أو الشركة)، فهي أداة تمويل إسلامية تتيح تعبئة الموارد في السوق المالية على المدى القصير أو المتوسط أو الطويل.
مقارنة الصكوك بالسندات
تختلف الصكوك عن السندات. فالسندات هي أدوات دين تستند إلى عقد قرض بفائدة، في حين أن الصكوك يمكن أن تكون عقودها الأساسية عقود بيع أو إجارة أو شركة أو مجموعة عقود مسماة. ومن ثم فإن تعريف الصكوك على أنها ”سندات إسلامية“ هو انحراف علمي.
وبما أن القرآن يحرم الربا، فإن المؤسسات المالية الإسلامية لا يجوز لها الإقراض بالفائدة، بل تقوم بأنشطة التجارة والاستثمار. وباعتبارها أداة من أدوات التمويل الإسلامي، فإن الصكوك تعتمد على: i) عقود البيع، أو ii) عقود الإيجار، أو iii) عقود المشاركة، أو حتى iv) مزيج من عدة عقود.
ويتقاضى المستثمرون الذين هم حاملو الصكوك أجورهم من خلال الأرباح المحققة في هذه الأنشطة التجارية الأساسية. وبعبارة أخرى، فإن حاملي الصكوك هم شركاء في ملكية الأصول أو الأنشطة التي يقوم عليها إصدار الصكوك ويتم الحصول على عائد على الاستثمار على هذا الأساس.
ومن جانبها، تقوم الجهة المصدرة للصكوك، والتي قد تكون حكومة أو شركة، بتغطية احتياجاتها التمويلية من خلال الموارد التي يتم جمعها من خلال الصكوك.
ومن وجهة نظر اقتصادية، يجب أن يكون إصدار الصكوك مدعومًا بأصول أو نشاط اقتصادي، وهو أمر غير ضروري بالنسبة للسندات. ومن ثم يبدو أن سوق الصكوك يقلل من مخاطر الاختلاس، كما أنه أكثر ملاءمة لتكامل القطاع المالي والاقتصاد الحقيقي من سوق السندات.
إصدارات الصكوك في منطقة الاتحاد الاقتصادي والنقدي لغرب أفريقيا
لقد تمت تجارب للصكوك في السوق المالية للاتحاد الاقتصادي والنقدي لغرب أفريقيا. ففي خلال الفترة من 2014 إلى 2022، تم إصدار سبعة (7) صكوك في أربع دول أعضاء في الاتحاد الاقتصادي والنقدي لغرب أفريقيا: السنغال (3)، وساحل العاج (2)، وتوغو (1)، ومالي (1). وقد أتاحت إصدارات الصكوك السبعة جمع مبلغ إجمالي قدره ألف ومائة وستة وأربعون (1,146) مليار فرنك أفريقي في بيئة قانونية غير مواتية.
منذ سبتمبر 2022، مع صدور اللائحة رقم 10/2022/CM/UEMOA أصبح الإطار القانوني أكثر ملاءمة.
بالنسبة لصكوك الملكية المشتركة، يوجد بشكل عام نموذجان للإصدار: (1) إصدار الصكوك على أساس أصول قائمة، و(2) إصدار على أساس مشاريع البنية التحتية التي سيتم تحقيقها. نموذج الإصدار القائم على أصول قائمة هو الأكثر انتشارًا. وفي السنغال، تستند الإصدارات الثلاثة للصكوك إلى هذا النموذج. ومع ذلك، فإن العديد من الخبراء في الاقتصاد والتمويل الإسلامي يعتبرون أن نموذج الأصول القائمة هذا ، من حيث التأثير الاجتماعي والاقتصادي، أقل فعالية وأقل تحقيقا لمقاصد التمويل الإسلامي من النموذج الثاني الذي ينشأ بنية تحتية جديدة تلقائياً.
الصكوك وتمويل البنية التحتية العامة
يُنظر إلى الصكوك حالياً على أنها حل بديل أو مكمل لتمويل البنية التحتية في جميع أنحاء العالم. هناك عدة مزايا لتمويل البنية التحتية بالصكوك:
1) قدرة أكبر على تعبئة الموارد أو المدخرات العامة. هناك العديد من المستثمرين الذين لا يرغبون لأسباب دينية في الاستثمار في السندات أو الأوراق المالية المماثلة، في حين أن الصكوك هي أدوات شاملة بمعنى أنه يمكن للجميع المشاركة فيها: مسلمين وغير مسلمين؛ أولئك الذين يبحثون عن استثمارات أخلاقية أو استثمارات ذات أثر.
2) توفر الصكوك عدة خيارات للهيكلة حسب طبيعة مشروع البنية التحتية: مشاريع البنية التحتية المدرة للدخل (الكهرباء، المياه، الطرق، إلخ) ومشاريع البنية التحتية غير المدرة للدخل – وهناك هياكل صكوك تتكيف مع كل منها.
3) تعزز الصكوك تكاملاً أكبر بين القطاع المالي والاقتصاد الحقيقي، بمعنى أن أي إصدار صكوك يجب أن يكون مدعوماً عادةً بأصول أو نشاط اقتصادي حقيقي؛ وهذا يسهل إمكانية تتبع الأموال التي يتم جمعها.
4) التحقيق بشكل أفضل لأصل اصيل من اصول الإدارة المالية: يجب استخدام الموارد طويلة الأجل لتمويل الاستخدامات طويلة الأجل.
5) وفقًا للنظرية المالية، كلما كانت المحفظة مكونة من أوراق مالية ذات ملامح مخاطر/عائدات مختلفة، كلما كانت مخاطر المحفظة أكثر تنوعًا. إن توافر الصكوك في السوق المالية يخلق فرصاً هائلة للتنويع.
الخلاصة
في ضوء كل ما سبق، نوصى بشدة أن يتم ربط إصدارات الصكوك في المستقبل بايجاد البنى التحتية الجديدة التي تم تحديدها بالفعل في جدول برنامج السنغال 2050؛ فمن المرجح أن يضمن ذلك تأثيرًا اجتماعيًا واقتصاديًا أكبر لإصدارات الصكوك مع تجنب أوجه القصور المذكورة في تقرير ديوان المحاسبة بشأن استخدام عائدات صكوك .SOGEPA
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